Developing Metadata Categories as a Strategy to Mobilize Computable Biomedical Knowledge

A work by a group of volunteer members drawn from the Mobilizing Computable Biomedical Knowledge community's Standards Workgroup. See mobilizecbk.org for more information about this community and workgroup.Computable biomedical knowledge artifacts (CBKs) are digital objects or entities representing biomedical knowledge as machine-independent data structures that can be parsed and processed by different information systems. The breadth of content represented in CBKs spans all biomedical knowledge related to human health and so it includes knowledge about molecules, cells, organs, individual people, human populations, and the environment. CBKs vary in their scope, purpose, and audience. Some CBKs support biomedical research. Other CBKs help improve health outcomes by enabling clinical decision support, health education, health promotion, and population health analytics. In some instances, CBKs have multiple uses that span research, education, clinical care, or population health. As the number of CBKs grows large, producers must describe them with structured, searchable metadata so that consumers can find, deploy, and use them properly. This report delineates categories of metadata for describing CBKs sufficiently to enable CBKs to be mobilized for various purposes.https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155655/1/MCBK.Metadata.Paper.June2020.f.pdfDescription of MCBK.Metadata.Paper.June2020.f.pdf : MCBK 2020 Virtual Meeting version of Standards Workgroup's Working Paper on CBK Metadat

Scale-dependent perspectives on the geomorphology and evolution of beachdune systems

Despite widespread recognition that landforms are complex Earth systems with process-response linkages that span temporal scales from seconds to millennia and spatial scales from sand grains to landscapes, research that integrates knowledge across these scales is fairly uncommon. As a result, understanding of geomorphic systems is often scale-constrained due to a host of methodological, logistical, and theoretical factors that limit the scope of how Earth scientists study landforms and broader landscapes. This paper reviews recent advances in understanding of the geomorphology of beach-dune systems derived from over a decade of collaborative research from Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada. A comprehensive summary of key findings is provided from short-term experiments embedded within a decade-long monitoring program and a multi-decadal reconstruction of coastal landscape change. Specific attention is paid to the challenges of scale integration and the contextual limitations research at specific spatial and/or temporal scales imposes. A conceptual framework is presented that integrates across key scales of investigation in geomorphology and is grounded in classic ideas in Earth surface sciences on the effectiveness of formative events at different scales. The paper uses this framework to organize the review of this body of research in a 'scale aware' way and, thereby, identifies many new advances in knowledge on the form and function of subaerial beach-dune systems. Finally, the paper offers a synopsis of how greater understanding of the complexities at different scales can be used to inform the development of predictive models, especially those at a temporal scale of decades to centuries, which are most relevant to coastal management issues. Models at this (landform) scale require an understanding of controls that exist at both ‘landscape’ and ‘plot’ scales. Landscape scale controls such as sea level change, regional climate, and the underlying geologic framework essentially provide bounding conditions for independent variables such as winds, waves, water levels, and littoral sediment supply. Similarly, an holistic understanding of the range of processes, feedbacks, and linkages at the finer plot scale is required to inform and verify the assumptions that underly the physical modelling of beach-dune interaction at the landform scale

Categorizing metadata to help mobilize computable biomedical knowledge

IntroductionComputable biomedical knowledge artifacts (CBKs) are digital objects conveying biomedical knowledge in machine‐interpretable structures. As more CBKs are produced and their complexity increases, the value obtained from sharing CBKs grows. Mobilizing CBKs and sharing them widely can only be achieved if the CBKs are findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable, and trustable (FAIR+T). To help mobilize CBKs, we describe our efforts to outline metadata categories to make CBKs FAIR+T.MethodsWe examined the literature regarding metadata with the potential to make digital artifacts FAIR+T. We also examined metadata available online today for actual CBKs of 12 different types. With iterative refinement, we came to a consensus on key categories of metadata that, when taken together, can make CBKs FAIR+T. We use subject‐predicate‐object triples to more clearly differentiate metadata categories.ResultsWe defined 13 categories of CBK metadata most relevant to making CBKs FAIR+T. Eleven of these categories (type, domain, purpose, identification, location, CBK‐to‐CBK relationships, technical, authorization and rights management, provenance, evidential basis, and evidence from use metadata) are evident today where CBKs are stored online. Two additional categories (preservation and integrity metadata) were not evident in our examples. We provide a research agenda to guide further study and development of these and other metadata categories.ConclusionA wide variety of metadata elements in various categories is needed to make CBKs FAIR+T. More work is needed to develop a common framework for CBK metadata that can make CBKs FAIR+T for all stakeholders.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/171602/1/lrh210271.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/171602/2/lrh210271_am.pd

Inside “Pandora's Box”: Abused Women's Experiences with Clinicians and Health Services

OBJECTIVE: To explore the attitudes and experiences of abused women to identify characteristics that helped or hindered abuse disclosure to clinicians and to determine how women viewed potential interventions to improve detection and treatment in a medical setting. DESIGN: Focus group data conducted and analyzed with qualitative methodology. SETTING: Three community-based mental health centers and one women's shelter. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one women in group therapy for domestic violence. MAIN RESULTS: Eighteen (86%) of the 21 women had seen their “regular doctor” in the prior year; only 1 in 3 had discussed the abuse with the clinician. The major discussion themes were medical problems that were exacerbated with abuse, lack of ability to access medical care due to abuser interference, emotional attitudes about abuse that acted as barriers to disclosure, clinician characteristics that helped or hindered disclosure, and treatment experiences and preferences. Women described how their medical problems began or worsened during the abusive period. one in three women described how abusers blocked them from receiving medical care. Women reported intense shame about the abuse and described their self-denial of abuse. Women stated they were inclined to discuss abuse if they felt the clinician was perceived to be caring, was easy to talk to, had a protective manner, or if the clinician offered a follow-up visit. There was no consistent clinician gender preference among the women. One in four women had received psychotropic medication for problems associated with abuse. Many feared addiction, or a loss of alertness, increasing their risk for more abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Many abused women experience worsening health and seek medical care; most do not volunteer a history of violence even to their regular clinicians. Many of the barriers to disclosure of abuse could be overcome by a physician's knowledge of the link between abuse and medical illness, an understanding of the women's emotions about abuse, and her treatment preferences